Table of Contents
Executive summary ................................................................................................................................. 5
List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................ 11
List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................... 13
List of Abbreviations, Acronyms and Chemical Compounds ................................................................ 15
1 Introduction: City of Johannesburg .............................................................................................. 17
1.1 Geographical setting ............................................................................................................. 17
1.2 Demographics ....................................................................................................................... 17
1.2.1 Socio-economic status .................................................................................................. 18
1.3 Climate, topography and local meteorology ........................................................................ 18
1.3.1 Potential impacts from climate change ........................................................................ 20
2 Purpose of the AQMP ................................................................................................................... 21
2.1 Policy Context of AQMP ........................................................................................................ 21
2.1.1 NEMAQA ....................................................................................................................... 22
2.1.2 NDP ............................................................................................................................... 24
2.1.3 GDS ................................................................................................................................ 25
2.1.4 IDP 2016/2021 .............................................................................................................. 26
2.2 AQMP approach .................................................................................................................... 30
2.3 2003 AQMP ........................................................................................................................... 31
3 Status Quo: Ambient air quality monitoring ................................................................................. 31
3.1 Air quality monitoring network............................................................................................. 31
3.2 State of ambient air quality in relation to NAAQS ................................................................ 36
3.2.1 Summary of the state of monitored ambient air quality .............................................. 43
3.3 Ambient air quality monitoring gaps .................................................................................... 44
3.4 Impact of air pollution in CoJ ................................................................................................ 44
3.5 Air quality complaints ........................................................................................................... 45
4 Status Quo: Emissions inventory .................................................................................................. 46
4.1 Emissions inventory gaps ...................................................................................................... 50
4.2 Trends in emissions in CoJ .................................................................................................... 50
5 Status Quo: Air quality modelling ................................................................................................. 51
5.1 Model-measurement comparison ........................................................................................ 51
5.2 Hotspot analysis .................................................................................................................... 51
5.3 Emission reduction scenario modelling ................................................................................ 58
5.3.1 Wind-blown dust from TSF ........................................................................................... 58
5.3.2 On-road vehicles ........................................................................................................... 59
6 Status Quo: Resource gap assessment ......................................................................................... 62
7 Conclusions from Status Quo Assessment .................................................................................... 63
8 Approach to air quality management and improving air quality .................................................. 63
8.1 Improvement and application of environmental governance cycle in the City of Johannesburg .................................................................................................................................... 66
8.2 Prioritised problem complexes ............................................................................................. 66
8.2.1 Improving air quality management ............................................................................... 66
8.2.2 Emission reductions ...................................................................................................... 66
8.3 Transboundary pollution and collaboration ......................................................................... 67
8.3.1 Alignment with Gauteng Provincial AQMP ................................................................... 68
9 Air Quality Management Actions .................................................................................................. 69
9.1 AQMP vision, mission and AQMP Goals ............................................................................... 69
9.1.1 Vision ............................................................................................................................. 69
9.1.2 Mission .......................................................................................................................... 69
9.1.3 AQMP Goals .................................................................................................................. 70
9.2 AQMP Implementation ......................................................................................................... 72
9.2.1 Goal 1: Cross-sectoral collaboration for improving air quality ..................................... 72
9.2.2 Goal 2: Regulate emission sources ............................................................................... 80
9.2.3 Goal 3: Air quality management system. ...................................................................... 82
9.2.4 Goal 4: Capacity Building .............................................................................................. 84
9.2.5 Goal 5: Empowerment of CoJ citizens about air quality ............................................... 86
9.2.6 Goal 6: Innovation and research ................................................................................... 88
9.3 Timeline ................................................................................................................................. 90
9.4 Budgetary needs ................................................................................................................... 91
9.5 Technical tools budget considerations ................................................................................. 92
9.6 Recapitalisation of monitoring instruments and expansion of stations ............................... 92
9.7 Reporting on implementation of AQMP ............................................................................... 94
9.7.1 External Stakeholder Forum ......................................................................................... 95
10 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 95
11 References ................................................................................................................................ 96